HART259: Early Renaissance Art and Architecture
Lecture Sheets
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Lecture #1 (9-6-00)
Introduction: Central Italy and the Veneto in the Late-13th Century
- Baptistry of San Giovanni, Florence, c.1059-1150
- *Translation of the Relics of St. Mark, c. 1270, mosaic, facade of the Church of San Marco, Venice
- *Cathedral of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione, Siena, original structure completed 1260
- Palazzo della Signoria (now called Palazzo Vecchio), Florence, 1299-1310, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
Compared to Doge's Palace, Venice, 1340-1424
- Santa Croce: view from a distance; interior, Florence, begun 1294, attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio
- Santa Maria Novella: view from a distance, Florence, founded 1246, nave begun 1279
Names and Terms:
- Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists (1568)
- Dante Alighieri
- Otto Bishop of Freising
- Etruscans, Romans
- Frederick II, Hohenstaufen
- Charles I & Charles II of Anjou
- commune
- opera, operaio
- mendicants (mendicant orders): Franciscans, Dominicans
Supplementary Images:
Suggestions for Supplementary Reading:
Daniel Waley, The Italian City-Republics, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1978).
Lecture/Discussion #2 (9-8-00)
The Rebirth of Art?
- Cathedral of Santa Maria dell'Assunzione, Siena, original structure completed 1260
- Facade, lower portion by Giovanni Pisano, 1284-99
Compared to facade of Amiens Cathedral, 13th-Century, France
- *Pulpit: overall and *detail of Crucifixion, by Nicola Pisano, marble, 1265
Compared to *Pulpit: overall and *detail of Crucifixion, for Pisa Baptistry, by Nicola Pisano, 1259/60
- *Palazzo della Signoria (now called Palazzo Vecchio), Florence, 1299-1310, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
- *Church of Santa Croce: view from a distance and *nave, Florence, begun 1294, attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio
- Church of Santa Maria Novella: view from a distance, Florence, founded 1246, nave begun 1279
- Pisa Cathedral, 11th-12th century
- Giotto, Ognissanti Madonna, 1305-11, panel
- Tomb of Bishop Tarlati, 1329-34, marble, Arezzo Cathedral
- Giotto, Design for the Campanile of Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore), 1334
- Vasari, The Tuscan Poets, 1544
Names and Terms:
- Battle of Montaperti, 1260
- opera; operaio
- mendicants (mendicant orders): Franciscans, Dominicans
- Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists (1568)
- Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
- Dante Alighieri
Lecture #3 (9-11-00)
Angevin Naples and Papal Rome
- *Giotto, Ognissanti Madonna, 1305-10, panel
- Tomb of Bishop Tarlati, 1329-34, marble, Arezzo Cathedral
- *Giotto, design for the Campanile of Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore), 1334
- Vasari, The Tuscan Poets, 1544
- Arnolfo di Cambio, Charles I of Anjou, c. 1277, marble
- *Old Testament Picture Book: detail of page showing scenes from the Book of Kings, c. 1250, manuscript, Parisian
- *Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore with detail of apse begun early 1280’s, Naples
- *Chapel of the Sancta Sanctorum, 1278, architecture commissioned from Master Cosmatus; with detail of Nicholas III Kneeling before Christ, 1277-80, fresco, Lateran Palace, Rome
Names and Terms:
- Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists (1568)
- Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
- Dante Alighieri
- chevet, lancet windows, tracery, nave
- Pope Nicholas III (Orsini), (1277-80)
- spolia, porphyry
Lecture #4 (9-13-00)
Papal Rome and the Church of San Francesco in Assisi
- *Jacopo Torriti, Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1294, apse mosaic, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
Compared to Christ and the Virgin Enthroned: overall, detail, c. 1150, apse mosaic, Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome
- *Pietro Cavallini, Birth of the Virgin, detail of a series of scenes of The Life of the Virgin, 1290, mosaic, apse of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome
- Benediction Loggia for Boniface VIII (as represented in a 17th-century watercolor of a fresco commemorating the loggia), c. 1300, Lateran Palace, Rome
Compared to Arnolfo di Cambio’s, Boniface VIII, c. 1300, marble
- *Giotto, Navicella, surviving only in drawings and in the extensively reworked mosaic for the portico of St. Peter’s, c. 1330
- *Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St. Francis, c. 1235, altar panel for the Church of San Francesco in Pescia
- *San Francesco in Assisi, structure begun 1228, consecrated 1253
- Crucifixion, by Cimabue, after 1279, transept fresco
- Scenes from the Old & New Testament, nave, upper 2 registers (of 1st bay), by Roman Workshop, c. 1290
Compared to the Early Christian Decorations of Old St. Peter’s (as represented in a 17th-century drawing), Vatican, Rome, 4th century
- Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, lower register (of 1st bay), by Tuscan workshop (the so-called Assisi Master), late 13th - early 14th century, nave (lower register)
Names and Terms:
- Pope Nicholas IV (1288-90)
- Colonna family
- Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin
- Bertholdo Stefaneschi
- Anagni, Avignon, Babylonian Captivity
- Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi
- Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
- Anagni, Avignon, “Babylonian Captivity”
- Saint Francis of Assisi (died 1226)
- Stigmatization (1224)
- fresco, buon fresco, secco
- colonade
- St. Bonaventure, Legenda Maior (1260)
- empirical perspective
- Church of San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome
Lecture/Discussion #5 (9-15-00)
Innovation and Social Function at the Arena Chapel
- San Francesco in Assisi, structure begun 1228, consecrated 1253
- *Crucifixion, by Cimabue, after 1279, transept fresco
- *Old & New Testament, by Roman Workshop, c. 1290, nave frescoes
Compared to the Early Christian Decoartions of Old St. Peter’s, Rome, 4th century
- *Life of St. Francis, by Tuscan workshop (the so-called Assisi Master), late 13th - early 14th century
- *Scrovegni (or Arena) Chapel, Padua, c. 1305
*Interior frescoes by Giotto, c. 1305, including Life of the Virgin, Life and Passion of Christ, Virtues and Vices, Last Judgement
Names and Terms:
- fresco, buon fresco, secco
- transept
- colonade
- St. Bonaventure, Leggenda Maior (1260)
- empirical perspective
- Church of San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome
- Enrico Scrovegni
- usury
- Apocryphal Gospel of James
- typologies
- Francesco da Barberino, Documenti d’Amore, Reggimento e Costumi di Donna (both after 1309)
- conduct books
Supplementary Images:
Arena Chapel and surrounding suildings as seen in an 18th-century print
Lecture #6 (9-18-00)
Giotto and the New Art in Florence
- Scrovegni (or Arena) Chapel, Padua, c. 1305
- *Giotto, Life of St. Francis, c.1320, fresco, Bardi Chapel, Church of Santa Croce, view from nave of Bardi and Peruzzi Chapels in right transept, Florence
Compared to the late 13th - early 14th century frescoes of the Life of St. Francis, from the Church of San Francesco, Assisi
Names and Terms:
- Bardi Family
- Peruzzi Family, Peruzzi Chapel
- Arte dei Medici e Speziali (Guild of the Doctors and Pharmacists)
Lecture #7 (9-20-00)
Duccio and the New Art in Siena
- Giotto, Life of St. Francis, c.1320, fresco, Bardi Chapel, Church of Santa Croce, Florence
Compared to the late 13th - early 14th century frescoes of the Life of St. Francis, from the Church of San Francesco, Assisi
- *Duccio, Maestà in reconstruction, 1308-11, panel, for the high altar of Siena Cathedral
- *Front - Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints and Angels
Compared to:
- Guido da Siena, Enthroned Madonna and Child, c. 1260, panel, for the high altar of the Church of San Domenico, Siena
- Cimabue, Enthroned Madonna and Child (Santa Trinità Madonna), 1280’s, panel, for the high altar of the Church of Santa Trinità, Florence
- *Back - Crucifixion with Scenes of Christ’s Passion
- *Front Predella - Scenes of the Life of the Virgin / Infancy of Christ (detail of Annunciation)
- *Front Pinnacles - Scenes of the Later Life / Death of the Virgin (detail of *Funeral of the Virgin)
- *Duccio, Stained glass window for Siena Cathedral
- Jacopo Torriti, Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1294, apse mosaic for the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
- Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, begun 1298
Decorations of the Great Council Hall (Sala del Mappamundo), including - Simone Martini’s Maestà, 1315, partly repainted 1321, fresco
Names and Terms:
- Servite Order
- predella, pinnacles
- Confraternities of the Virgin
- Throne of Wisdom
Lecture/Discussion #8 (9-22-00)
Text, Image and the Representation of Earthly Authority
- *Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, begun 1298
- *Simone Martini, Maestà with detail of Madonna and Child, 1315, partly repainted 1321, fresco, Great Council Hall (Sala del Mappamundo), view 1, view 2, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
Compared to:
- Duccio, Maestà (front panel), 1308-11, panel, for the high altar of Siena Cathedral
- Lippo Memmi, Maestà, 1317-18, fresco, Palazzo Comunale, San Gimignano
- Simone Martini, Altarpiece of St. Louis of Toulouse (front panel), c. 1319, for a side altar of the Church of Santa Chiara, Naples
- Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Decorations of the Council Chamber of the Nine Governors of Siena (the so-called Sala della Pace), 1338-39, fresco, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
Names and Terms:
- Throne of Wisdom
- Book of Wisdom, Solomon
- Charles I of Anjou, Charles II of Anjou, St. Louis of Toulouse, Robert I of Naples
- Brunetto Latini, The Book of the Treasure, 1260-66
- notary
- Aristotle
- Cicero
- common law
- podestà
- signore
- signoria
Suggestions for Further Reading:
Chiara Frugoni, A Distant City: Images of Urban Experience in the Medieval World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
Lecture #9 (9-25-00)
Art, Death and Dynasty
- *Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Decorations of the Council Chamber of the Nine Governors of Siena (the so-called Sala della Pace), 1338-39, fresco, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
- *Agostino di Giovanni and Agnolo di Ventura, Tomb of Bishop Tarlati, 1329-34, marble, Arezzo Cathedral
- *Simone Martini, Altarpiece of St. Louis of Toulouse, c. 1319, panel, possibly for one of the side altars of the Church of Santa Chiara, Naples
- Pacio and Giovanni Bertini, Tomb of Robert I of Naples, c. 1343, marble, made to stand above the high altar of the Church of Sant Chiara, Naples
- Bonino da Campione, Tomb of Bernabò Visconti, before 1363, marble, made to stand above the high altar of San Giovanni in Conca, Milan
Compared to:
- Equestrian Monument of Septimius Severus (“the Regisole”), 146-211 CE, Pavia (lost)
- Equestrian Figure from Tomb Monument of Cangrande della Scala, 1320’s, Verona
- Bonino da Campione, Tomb of Cansignorio della Scala, 1370-75, outside the Church of Santa Maria Antica, Verona
Names and Terms:
- common good
- common law
- signore
- signoria
- King Charles I of Anjou
- King Charles II of Anjou
- Charles Martel
- Saint Louis of Toulouse
- King Robert I of Anjou (married Sancia of Majorca)
- equestrian monument
- della Scala family, Verona
- Visconti family, Milan
Lecture 10 (9-27-00)
Visions of Heaven and Hell
- *Pacio and Giovanni Bertini, Tomb of Robert I of Naples, c. 1343, marble, made to stand above the high altar of the Church of Sant Chiara, Naples
- *Bonino da Campione, Tomb of Bernabò Visconti, before 1363, marble, made to stand above the high altar of San Giovanni in Conca, Milan
- *Triumph of Death (with details of *Encounter with Death & *Garden of Love) & *Last Judgement, 1330’s, frescoes by the Master of the Triumph of Death, Camposanto, Pisa
Compared to:
- Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Good and Bad Government frescoes, 1338-40, for the Council Chamber of the Nine Governors, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
Giotto, Last Judgement, c. 1305, fresco, Arena Chapel, Padua
- Lippo Memmi, Glorification of St. Thomas, c. 1355, altarpanel for the Church of Santa Caterina, Pisa
- Decorations of the Guidalotti Chapel (the so-called Spanish Chapel), 1348-55, Chapter House of the Monastery of Santa Maria Novella, Florence
Names and Terms:
- King Robert I of Anjou
- equestrian monument
- Equestrian Monument of Septimius Severus (“the Regisole”), 146-211 CE, Pavia
- della Scala family, Verona
- Visconti family, Milan
- Pope Nicolas V, anti-pope
- Ecclesia
- hermit saints (desert fathers), St. Macarius
- sarcophagus
- Garden of Love
- Dominicans
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- Averroes
- St. Peter Martyr
Lecture/Discussion #11 (9-29-00)
Art and Social Crisis
- *Lippo Memmi, Glorification of St. Thomas, c. 1355, altarpanel for the Church of Santa Caterina, Pisa
- *Decorations of the Guidalotti Chapel (the so-called Spanish Chapel), 1348-55, Chapter House of the Monastery of Santa Maria Novella, Florence
- *Andrea and Nardo di Cione, Decorations of the Strozzi Chapel, c.1355-57, fresco, Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence
- *Last Judgement, *Paradise (left wall) and *Inferno (right wall), by Nardo di Cione
- *Orsanmichele: exterior, interior, Florence, open loggia built 1337, second story granary added after 1348
Excerpt from Franco Sacchetti, Il Trecentonovelle, c. 1390, novella 126:
In the city of Florence, which has always been rich in talented men, there were once certain painters and other masters who were at a place outside the city called San Miniato al Monte for some painting and other work that had to be done in the church; after they had had a meal with the abbot and were well wined and dined, they began to converse; and among other questions, this was posed by one of them called Orcagna, who was head master of the noble oratory of Our Lady of Orto San Michele: “Who was the greatest master of painting that we have had, who other than Giotto?” Some replied Cimabue, some Stefano, some Bernardo [Daddi], others Buffalmacco, and some named one master, and others another. Taddeo Gaddi, who was one of the company, said: “Centainly there have been plenty of skillful painters, and they have painted in a manner that is impossible for human hand to equal; but this art has grown and continues to grow worse day by day.”
Suggestions for Further Reading:
Samuel Cohn, The Cult of Remembrance and the Black Death (Baltimore, 1997).
Names and Terms:
- Dominicans
- Green Cloister
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- St. Peter Martyr
- Averroes
- Black Death (bubonic plague), first onslaught 1348
- Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron, c. 1348
- Dante, Inferno
- traditio legis
Lecture #12 (10-2-00)
International Gothic Art in Burgundy & Milan
- Limbourg Brothers, January calendar page, Très Riches Heures of the Duc de Berry, 1413-19, manuscript
- *Certosa, Pavia, plan begun 1396 (construction continues through the 15th century)
- *Baldassare degli Embriachi, Altarpiece for the Certosa, 1390’s, ivory: detail of the *Magi Returning Home
- *Milan Cathedral, begun 1386, originally commissioned from Simone da Orsenigo and Bonino da Campione
- *Facade (not completed until 19th century)
Compared to:
- Amiens Cathedral, facade, 13th century, Amiens
- Parma Cathedral, facade, 12th-13th century, Parma
- *Nave
Compared to:
- Amiens Cathedral, nave, c. 1220, Amiens
- *Giovannino dei Grassi, Visconti Book of Hours, c. 1395, illuminated manuscript
- *Michelino da Besozzo, Eulogy for Giangaleazzo Visconti, 1402-03, illuminated manuscript: pages with *Oration of Pietro da Castelletto & *Visconti Lineage
- Limbourg Brothers, Très Riches Heures of the Duc de Berry, c. 1413-16, manuscript: calendar pages for October, June, February, May
- Representations of the Twelve Months, 1391-1407, frescoed room, Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trent
Names and Terms:
- Jean, Duke of Berry
- Carthusians
- Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan
- Lombard Romanesque
- piers, colonnettes, ribbed groin vaults, clerestory
- Book of Hours, calendar pages
- George of Lichtenstein, Prince Bishop of Trento
Suggestions for Further Reading:
Otto Pächt, “Early Italian Nature Studies and the Early Calendar Landscape,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 13 (1950): 13-47.
Lecture #13 (10-4-00)
Court and City in Northern Europe
- Michelino da Besozzo, Eulogy for Giangaleazzo Visconti, 1402-03, illuminated manuscript: page with Visconti Lineage
- *Limbourg Brothers, Très Riches Heures of the Duc de Berry, c. 1413-16, manuscript: calendar pages for *October, *June, *February, *May
- Representations of the Twelve Months, 1391-1407, frescoed room, Castello del Buonconsiglio, Trent
- *Robert Campin, Virgin and Child before a Fire Screen, c. 1425, oil on panel
- *Robert Campin(?), Annunciation with Donors and St. Joseph (The Mérode Triptych), c. 1425, oil on panel
Compared to:
- Giotto, Annunciation to St. Anne, c. 1305, fresco, Arena Chapel, Padua
- Campin, Portrait of a Man and Woman, 1420-30, oil on panel
Names and Terms:
- Jean, Duke of Berry
- Book of Hours, calendar pages
- George of Lichtenstein, Prince Bishop of Trento
- Flanders
- Ghent, Bruges, Tournai
- triptych
- deacon
- liturgical
- St. Ambrose
- Trinity
- St. Christopher
Suggestions for further Reading:
Cynthia Hahn, “‘Joseph will perfect, Mary enlighten and Jesus save thee’: the Holy Family as Marriage Model in the Mérode triptych,” Art Bulletin 68 (1986): 54-66.
Lecture/Discussion #14
Realism and Allegory in Flemish Painting
- Robert Campin(?), Annunciation with Donors and St. Joseph (The Mérode Triptych), c. 1425, oil on panel: Donors, Annunciation, St. Joseph in his Workshop (detail)
Compared to:
- Giotto, Annunciation to St. Anne, c. 1305, fresco, Arena Chapel, Padua
- Campin, Portrait of a Man and Woman, 1420-30, oil on panel
- Giotto, Presentation of the Rods, Prayer for the Rods, Betrothal of the Virgin, c. 1305, fresco, Arena Chapel, Padua
- Jan van Eyck, *Arnolfini Double Portrait, 1434, oil on panel
Names and Terms:
- Erwin Panofsky
- Meyer Schapiro
- John Ruskin
- pre-raphaelitism
- iconography
- surrealism
- semiotics
- psychoanalysis
- social history
- deacon
- liturgical
- St. Ambrose
- Trinity
- St. Christopher
Lecture #15 (10-9-00)
The Artist as Witness: Jan Van Eyck & Rogier van der Weyden
- *Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Double Portrait with detail of mirror, 1434, oil on panel
- *Jan van Eyck, Madonna of Chancellor Rolin with detail of Chancellor Rolin, 1333-35, oil and tempera on panel
- *Jan van Eyck, Man in a Red Turban, 1433, oil and tempera on panel
- *Rogier van der Weyden, Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin, 1435-36, oil and tempera on panel
- *Rogier van der Weyden, Portrait of Francesco d’Este: front and back, 1455-60, oil and tempera on panel
Compared to: Jan van Eyck, Leal Souvenir, 1432, oil and tempera on panel
- *Rogier van der Weyden, Deposition, 1435, oil and tempera on panel, fragment of an altarpiece commissioned by the Crossbowman’s Guild of Louvain (Belgium)
Compared to:
- Rogier van der Weyden, Seven Sacraments, 1440-50, oil on panel, altarpiece
- Tilman Riemenschneider, Holy Blood Altarpiece, 1499-1505, limewood, altarpiece for the Church of St. Jacob, Rothenburg (Germany)
Names and Terms:
- Lionello de’Este, Marquis of Ferrara
- “voir tout” (see all)
- elevation of the host
- corpus
- paragone
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